![]() ![]() Evidence and information for policy (EIP) 2003. Global burden of obstructed labour in the year 2000. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, Tunçalp Ö, Moller A-B, Daniels J, et al. Neilson JP, Lavender T, Quenby S, Wray S. The evolution of bipedalism and assisted birth. The evolutionary origins of obstructed labor: bipedalism, encephalization, and the human obstetric dilemma. Primate brain evolution: methods and concepts. Encephalization and obstetrics in primates with particular reference to human evolution. Anatomy, development, and function of the human pelvis. The administration of drugs doses in NLA without a diagnosis of malpresentation in dystocic labor may prolonged labor and increases the likelihood of dystocia. The reduction of dystocia misdiagnosis by using IU has modified CS and OVD rates. The use of IU during neuraxial analgesia can aid in the diagnosis of fetal head malposition and malrotation, alert obstetrician onto the possibility of dystocic labor, indicate the need to discontinue drug administration in NLA, and shift to OVD or CS. ![]() With this technique, obstetrician can improve the diagnosis of fetal head position, progression, and internal rotation in comparison to vaginal digital examination (VDE). ![]() Intrapartum ultrasonography (IU) can represent an important diagnostic tool during physiologic labor and delivery, as like in dystocic or obstructed labor. Labor pain is the most severe pain that women can experience during their lives, and neuraxial labor analgesia (NLA) is a most effective and widely used analgesic modality in labor for obtaining pain relief. CPD and related obstructed labor is responsible for 2–8% of maternal mortality worldwide and furthermore can cause poor progress of labor and can be indication for operative vaginal delivery (OVD) or primary cesarean section (CS). The problem may arise from cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) that is present when the fetal head is too large to pass through the pelvis. In this situation the only way to delivery large brained fetus is that the fetal head has to perform complex rotation and turning movements (cardinal movements) during the progress in the birth canal. Because of bipedal locomotion, the shape and size of the pelvis became more straight. The pelvis is not only a functional bone but has great importance in obstetrics. ![]()
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